Main |
Browse Volumes |
Forthcoming Volumes |
Annals PrePrints |
Annals Extra |
E-mail Alerts |
Subscriptions & Orders |
New Proposals |
Author Guidelines |
About Annals |
Help |
 |
|
|
|
|
|
Hormones and the Stressed Brain
E RONALD DE KLOET
Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
Address for correspondence: E. Ronald de Kloet, Ph.D., Division of Medical Pharmacology, LACDR/LUMC, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands. Voice: +31-71-527.6210; fax: +31-71-527.4715. e-mail: e.kloet{at}lacdr.leidenuniv.nl
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1018: 1-15 (2004).
The stress system orchestrates brain and body responses to the environment. Cortisol (in humans) or corticosterone (in rodents) are important mediators of the stress system. Their action—in concert—is crucial for individual differences in coping with other individuals, which in turn depend on genetic- and experience-related factors. The actions exerted by cortisol and corticosterone have an enormous diversity. They include the regulation of rapid molecular aggregations, membrane processes, and gene transcription. In the latter transcriptional regulation, the corticosteroid hormones have two modes of operation. One mode is mediated by high-affinity mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs), which control gene networks underlying stabilization of neuronal activity as determinant for the sensitivity to trigger immediate responses to stress organized by corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-1 receptor. Whereas disturbance of homeostasis is prevented by MR-mediated processes, its recovery is facilitated via the low-affinity glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) that require stress levels of cortisol. GRs promote in coordination with CRH-2 receptors and the parasympathetic system behavioral adaptation and enhances storage of energy and information in preparation for future events. The balance in the two stress system modes is thought to be essential for cell homeostasis, mental performance, and health. Imbalance induced by genetic modification or stressors changes specific neural signaling pathways underlying cognition and emotion. This yin-yang concept in stress regulation is fundamental for genomic strategies to understand the mechanistic underpinning of corticosteroid-induced stress-related disorders such as severe forms of depression.
Key Words: stress • behavior • brain • corticosteroids • receptors • genes
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
R. G. Bradley, E. B. Binder, M. P. Epstein, Y. Tang, H. P. Nair, W. Liu, C. F. Gillespie, T. Berg, M. Evces, D. J. Newport, et al.
Influence of Child Abuse on Adult Depression: Moderation by the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene
Arch Gen Psychiatry,
February 1, 2008;
65(2):
190 - 200.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. LEVINE
Neural Correlates of Corporate Camaraderie and Teamwork
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
November 1, 2007;
1118(1):
102 - 108.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. L. Conway-Campbell, M. A. McKenna, C. C. Wiles, H. C. Atkinson, E. R. de Kloet, and S. L. Lightman
Proteasome-Dependent Down-Regulation of Activated Nuclear Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors Determines Dynamic Responses to Corticosterone
Endocrinology,
November 1, 2007;
148(11):
5470 - 5477.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Paterson, M. C. Holmes, C. J. Kenyon, R. Carter, J. J. Mullins, and J. R. Seckl
Liver-Selective Transgene Rescue of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1-Deficient Mice
Endocrinology,
March 1, 2007;
148(3):
961 - 966.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Chen, B. Brar, C. S. Choi, D. Rousso, J. Vaughan, Y. Kuperman, S. N. Kim, C. Donaldson, S. M. Smith, P. Jamieson, et al.
Urocortin 2 modulates glucose utilization and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle
PNAS,
October 31, 2006;
103(44):
16580 - 16585.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Zorawski, N. Q. Blanding, C. M. Kuhn, and K. S. LaBar
Effects of stress and sex on acquisition and consolidation of human fear conditioning
Learn. Mem.,
July 1, 2006;
13(4):
441 - 450.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Moriceau, D. A. Wilson, S. Levine, and R. M. Sullivan
Dual circuitry for odor-shock conditioning during infancy: corticosterone switches between fear and attraction via amygdala.
J. Neurosci.,
June 21, 2006;
26(25):
6737 - 6748.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L VITETTA, B ANTON, F CORTIZO, and A SALI
Mind-Body Medicine: Stress and Its Impact on Overall Health and Longevity
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
December 1, 2005;
1057(1):
492 - 505.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Amin, H.-W. Wang, E. Reza, S. C. Whitman, B. S. Tuana, and F. H. H. Leenen
Distribution of epithelial sodium channels and mineralocorticoid receptors in cardiovascular regulatory centers in rat brain
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,
December 1, 2005;
289(6):
R1787 - R1797.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ranjit, E. A Young, and G. A Kaplan
Material hardship alters the diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol
Int. J. Epidemiol.,
October 1, 2005;
34(5):
1138 - 1143.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Hinds, L. L. Stuve, G. B. Nilsen, E. Halperin, E. Eskin, D. G. Ballinger, K. A. Frazer, and D. R. Cox
Whole-Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variation in Three Human Populations
Science,
February 18, 2005;
307(5712):
1072 - 1079.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Gilmour
Mineralocorticoid Receptors and Hormones: Fishing for Answers
Endocrinology,
January 1, 2005;
146(1):
44 - 46.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
