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Relaxin Research in the Postgenomic Era
aDivision of Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5317, USA bHoward Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
Address for correspondence: Aaron J.W. Hsueh, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 300 Pasteur Dr., Room A344, Stanford, CA 94305-5317. Voice: 650-725-6802; fax: 650-725-7102. aaron.hsueh{at}stanford.edu
Because of the coevolution of ligands and their cognate receptors, analysis of human genomic sequences allows prediction of the pairing of these elements. Initially, we identified a group of five human leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor (LGR) genes homologous to LH, FSH, and TSH receptors. Based on common phenotypes of INSL3 null mice and transgenic mice with LGR8 gene deletion, we hypothesized that INSL3, relaxin, and related genes are likely ligands for the paralogous LGR7 and LGR8 genes. Matching the relaxin family peptides with these two orphan LGRs led to the finding that relaxin is capable of activating LGR7 and LGR8 through the Gs pathway. In addition, INSL3 and relaxin 3 were found to be specific ligands for LGR8 and LGR7, respectively. Based on the known production of INLS3 by testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca cells, we demonstrated the expression of the INSL3 receptor LGR8 in oocytes in ovary and in male germ cells in the testis. Furthermore, we found that LH stimulates INSL3 transcripts in ovarian theca and testicular Leydig cells. INSL3, in turn, binds LGR8 expressed in germ cells to initiate the meiotic progression of arrested oocytes in preovulatory follicles in vitro and in vivo and to suppress male germ cell apoptosis in vivo. INSL3 interacts with germ cells to activate the inhibitory G protein, thus leading to decreases in cAMP production. Our data demonstrate the importance of the INSL3-LGR8 paracrine system in mediating gonadotropic actions in both ovary and testis.
Key Words: relaxin • LGR7 • INSL3 • LGR8 • oocyte maturation • testicular spermatogenesis This article has been cited by other articles:
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