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Herbal Complement Inhibitors in the Treatment of Neuroinflammation: Future Strategy for Neuroprotection
aDivision of Medical Virology and bDivision of Neuroscience, University of Cape Town, Medical School, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
Address for correspondence: Girish J. Kotwal, Division of Medical Virology, Medical School, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, Cape Town-7925, South Africa. Voice: (27)-(21) 406-6676; fax (27)-(21) 406 6018. gjkotw01{at}yahoo.com
The upregulated complement system plays a damaging role in disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). The classical and alternate pathways are two major pathways activated in neuroinflammatory disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, HIV-associated dementia, Parkinson's disease, and mad cow disease. Failure of currently available anti-inflammatory agents, especially cycloxygenase inhibitors, in offering significant neuroprotection in large epidemiologic clinical trials of CNS disorders suggests an urgent need for the development of new neuroprotective agents. The positive preclinical outcomes in treating CNS disorders by complement regulatory molecules, such as vaccinia virus complement control protein, suggest the possibility of using complement-inhibitory molecules as neuroprotective agents. Several active ingredients of herbal origin are found to have complement-inhibitory activity. These herbal ingredients along with other anti-inflammatory roles might be useful in treating neuroinflammation associated with CNS disorders. Active ingredients of herbal origin with complement inhibitory ingredients are summarized and classified according to their chemical nature and specificity towards the major pathways activating the complement system. The structure activity relationship of some specific examples is also discussed in this report. This information might be helpful in formulating a natural panacea against complement-mediated neuroinflammation.
Key Words: neuroprotection • neurodegeneration • complement inhibitors • herbal ingredients • alternate pathway • classical pathway • cyclooxygenases • vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) • Alzheimer's disease (AD) • HIV-associated dementia (HAD) • Parkinson's disease (PD)
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