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a Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA b Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA c Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA d Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA e Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA f Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
Key Words: September 11 • World Trade Center • clean up and recovery • disaster workers • posttraumatic stress disorder • depression • respiratory problems • cough
Address for correspondence: Raz Gross, M.D., M.P.H., Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032. Voice: 212-304-6591; fax: 212-544-4221. e-mail: rg547{at}columbia.edu
We assessed the health of workers exposed to the World Trade Center (WTC) site and of a comparison group of unexposed workers, by means of a mail survey. Exposed workers reported higher frequency of symptoms consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and other psychological problems, approximately 20 months after the disaster. PTSD was positively associated with traumatic on-site experiences and with respiratory problems. These findings may have important clinical and public health implications.
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