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a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, "Laiko" Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece b Department of Dietetics and Nutritional Science, Harokopio University of Athens, 17671 Athens, Greece c Hellenic National Diabetes Center, 10675 Athens, Greece
Key Words: nutrition • immunity • inflammation • fatty acids • antioxidants • dietary fibers • glycemic index • glycemic load • nucleotides • zinc • iron • alcohol • dietary patterns • Mediterranean diet • chronic inflammation
Address for correspondence: Constantine Tsigos, M.D., Ph.D., 82 Vas. Sophias Avenue, 115 28 Athens, Greece. Voice: +30-210-7480009; fax: +30-210-7480010. e-mail: ctsigos{at}hndc.gr
Chronic inflammation has been suggested to play an important role in metabolic diseases, such as atherothrombosis and type 2 diabetes. A lot of research has focused on the immunomodulatory effects of several nutrients, such as fatty acids, antioxidants, carbohydrates, specific amino acids, micronutrients, and alcohol, which play a crucial role in the maintenance of an "optimal" immune response. In addition, specific dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, are evolving as protective against cardiovascular disease, because of their anti-inflammatory properties. In this article, the existing data concerning the nutrients' pro- and anti-inflammatory properties are presented, as well as dietary patterns that could protect from chronic inflammation and its metabolic and atherothrombotic complications.
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