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a Laser Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
Key Words: twin–twin transfusion syndrome • mathematical model • quintero staging sequence • abnormal umbilical flows
Address for correspondence: Martin J. C. van Gemert, Ph.D., Laser Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Voice: 31-20-566-4386; fax: 31-20-697-5594. m.j.vangemert{at}amc.uva.nl
The twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe complication occurring in monochorionic twins, and untreated, causes high rates of mortality and morbidity. In TTTS, five consecutive stages of increasing severity can be distinguished: first, the oligopolyhydramnios sequence; second, anuria in the donor twin; third, abnormal flow waves in either twin; fourth, a hydropic recipient, and finally the fifth stage, fetal demise of either twin. Recently, we developed a mathematical model of the Stages I–IV. In this report, we investigated the influence of amnioreduction and laser therapy at two different gestational ages on the resolution of TTTS Stage III. Simulations were performed for two gestational ages, at 22 and 28 weeks; that is, at the onset of a stuck donor twin and when TTTS has progressed to an anuric donor with abnormal umbilical flow waves and a hydropic recipient, respectively. Results indicate abnormal umbilical flow waves in the donor to resolve rapidly after both amnioreduction and laser therapy. TTTS and abnormal umbilical flows in the donor, however, return after amnioreduction. Laser therapy, leading to cessation of fetofetal transfusion, produces complete resolution of TTTS sequelae, however, with increased vascular stiffness in the donor. Amnioreduction and laser therapy both produce rapid resolution of abnormal umbilical flows in a mathematical model of TTTS. Laser ablation of all anastomoses, however, completely ceases the fetofetal transfusion, so that no TTTS redevelops. In the donor, vascular stiffness remains increased after laser, suggesting increased pulse wave velocities can be measured clinically.
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