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a The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, D.W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
Key Words: senescence • comparative biology • biodemography
Address for correspondence: Bruce A. Carnes, Ph.D., The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, D.W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, 921 N.E. 13th Street (11G), Oklahoma City, OK. Voice: (405) 271-8550; fax: (405) 271-3887. Bruce-Carnes{at}ouhsc.edu
Although mortality and longevity are inherently biological phenomena, their study has historically been the purview of demography and the actuarial sciences. An infusion of biological thinking into these disciplines transforms demography into biodemography and provides expectations and coherency to observations on age-determined mortality that would not be explainable otherwise. Comparative biology teaches us that reproduction is life's solution to the inevitability of death in the hostile environments of Earth. That solution, however, places a higher priority on investing physiological resources into reproduction that could otherwise have been used to maintain the soma (body) longer. As such, aging is an inescapable but inadvertent byproduct of imperfect maintenance and its attendant surveillance and repair. Biology also reveals that while bodies are not designed to fail, neither are they designed for extended operation. In other words, bodies are subject to biological warranty periods for normal operation. For sexually reproducing species, that warranty period includes the time from conception to sexual maturity, the production and nurturing of offspring, and a period of grand-parenting in some species. Humans are the only species capable of exploiting the loophole in the biological contract of life (bodies that are not designed to fail). Human ingenuity (science, medicine, public health) has produced interventions that manufacture survival time by delaying death, and in so doing, has created a phenomenon never before seen in the history of life—population aging (and all the societal and health consequences that go with it).
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