 | TOWARDS PROLONGATION OF THE HEALTHY LIFE SPAN: Practical Approaches to Intervention
Copyright © 1998 by the New York Academy of Sciences
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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 854:410-424 (1998)
© 1998 New York Academy of Sciences
Reactive Oxygen Intermediates, Molecular Damage, and Aging: Relation to Melatonin
RUSSELL J. REITERa,d,
JUAN M. GUERREROb,
JOAQUIN J. GARCIAa AND
DARIO ACUÑA-CASTROVIEJOc
aDepartment of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78284-7762, USA
bDepartment of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Seville School of Medicine, Avda Sanchez Pizjuan 4, 41009-Seville, Spain
cCatadratico de Universidad, Dpto. Fisiologia, F. Medicina Avd. Madrid 11, E-18012 Granada, Spain
dTel: 210/567-3859; fax: 210/567-6948; e-mail: reiter{at}uthscsa.edu
Melatonin, the chief secretory product of the pineal gland, is a direct free radical scavenger and indirect antioxidant. In terms of its scavenging activity, melatonin has been shown to quench the hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion radical, singlet oxygen, peroxyl radical, and the peroxynitrite anion. Additionally, melatonin's antioxidant actions probably derive from its stimulatory effect on superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its inhibitory action on nitric oxide synthase. Finally, melatonin acts to stabilize cell membranes, thereby making them more resistant to oxidative attack. Melatonin is devoid of prooxidant actions.
In models of oxidative stress, melatonin has been shown to resist lipid peroxidation induced by paraquat, lipopolysaccharide, ischemia-reperfusion, l-cysteine, potassium cyanide, cadmium chloride, glutathione depletion, alloxan, and alcohol ingestion. Likewise, free radical damage to DNA induced by ionizing radiation, the chemical carcinogen safrole, lipopolysaccharide, and kainic acid are inhibited by melatonin. These findings illustrate that melatonin, due to its high lipid solubility and modest aqueous solubility, is able to protect macromolecules in all parts of the cell from oxidative damage. Melatonin also prevents the inhibitory action of ruthenium red at the level of the mitochondria, thereby promoting ATP production. In humans, the total antioxidative capacity of serum is related to melatonin levels. Thus, the reduction in melatonin with age may be a factor in increased oxidative damage in the elderly.
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