 | NEURONAL MECHANISMS FOR GENERATING LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Copyright © 1998 by the New York Academy of Sciences
description
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 860:155-167 (1998)
© 1998 New York Academy of Sciences
Distributed Effects of Dopamine Modulation in the Crustacean Pyloric Networka
RONALD M. HARRIS-WARRICKb,
BRUCE R. JOHNSON,
JACK H. PECK,
PETER KLOPPENBURG,
AMIR AYALI AND
JACK SKARBINSKI
Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Seeley G. Mudd Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
aThis work was supported by NIH grants NS17323 and NS35631 and USDA hatch grant 191310.
bCorresponding author; e-mail: rmh4{at}cornell.edu
It is now clear that neuromodulators can reconfigure a single motor network to allow the generation of a family of related movements. Using dopamine modulation of the 14-neuron pyloric network from the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion as an example, we describe two major mechanisms by which network output is modulated. First, the baseline electrophysiological properties of the network neurons can be altered. Dopamine can affect the activity of each neuron independently. For example, DA modulates I A in nearly every neuron in the pyloric network, but in opposite directions in different cells. Furthermore, DA usually modulates combinations of ionic currents. In some cases, currents with opposing actions on cell excitability are simultaneously affected, and the net response reflects the sum of these opposing effects. Second, neuromodulators can alter the strength of synaptic interactions within the network, quantitatively "rewiring" the network. Every synapse in the network is affected by DA, with some increased and others decreased in strength. DA acts both pre- and postsynaptically to affect transmission: these actions are frequently opposing in sign, and the net response arises as the sum of these opposing actions. Finally, spike-evoked and graded transmission at the same synapse can be oppositely affected by DA. These results emphasize the distributed nature of modulation in motor networks.
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