 | NEURONAL MECHANISMS FOR GENERATING LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Copyright © 1998 by the New York Academy of Sciences
description
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 860:203-215 (1998)
© 1998 New York Academy of Sciences
Enhancement and Resetting of Locomotor Activity by Muscle Afferentsa
K. G. PEARSONb,
J. E. MISIASZEK AND
K. FOUADc
Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2H7
aThis work was supported by grants from the Canadian Medical Research Council (K.G.P.), the Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research (J.E.M.), and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (K.F.).
bCorresponding author; e-mail: keir.pearson{at}ualberta.ca
cPresent address: Paraplegic Centre, University Hospital Balgrist, Forchstrasse 340, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
The generation of the normal motor pattern for walking in mammals requires feedback from muscle proprioceptors. Two characteristics of the motor pattern particularly dependent on proprioceptive signals are (1) the magnitude of activity in knee and ankle extensor muscles and (2) the duration of extensor bursts during stance. Sensory regulation of these characteristics ensures that the level of activity in extensor muscles during stance is appropriate for the load carried by the leg and that the swing phase is not initiated when a leg is loaded. Many different groups of afferents from flexor and extensor muscles can influence the locomotor pattern. Most attention has focused on the action of group I afferents from ankle extensors. Electrical stimulation of these afferents during extension increases the duration and the magnitude of extensor activity. The prolongation of extensor activity depends in part on excitation of the extensor half-center by group Ib afferents from Golgi tendon organs. The enhancement of the magnitude of extensor bursts is produced primarily via disynaptic and polysynaptic pathways opened only during locomotion. The involvement of the proprioceptive signals in the generation of locomotor activity means that the gains in reflex pathways must be constantly calibrated according to the biomechanical properties of the locomotor system. Alteration of these properties by weakening ankle extensor muscles has recently been found to produce compensatory changes in proprioceptive influences on the locomotor pattern.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
L. Guevremont, J. A. Norton, and V. K. Mushahwar
Physiologically Based Controller for Generating Overground Locomotion Using Functional Electrical Stimulation
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 2007;
97(3):
2499 - 2510.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Daley, G. Felix, and A. A. Biewener
Running stability is enhanced by a proximo-distal gradient in joint neuromechanical control
J. Exp. Biol.,
February 1, 2007;
210(3):
383 - 394.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Gregor, D. W. Smith, and B. I. Prilutsky
Mechanics of Slope Walking in the Cat: Quantification of Muscle Load, Length Change, and Ankle Extensor EMG Patterns
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 2006;
95(3):
1397 - 1409.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Carroll, E. R. L. Baldwin, D. F. Collins, and E. P. Zehr
Corticospinal Excitability Is Lower During Rhythmic Arm Movement Than During Tonic Contraction
J Neurophysiol,
February 1, 2006;
95(2):
914 - 921.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rossignol, R. Dubuc, and J.-P. Gossard
Dynamic Sensorimotor Interactions in Locomotion
Physiol Rev,
January 1, 2006;
86(1):
89 - 154.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Daley, J. R. Usherwood, G. Felix, and A. A. Biewener
Running over rough terrain: guinea fowl maintain dynamic stability despite a large unexpected change in substrate height
J. Exp. Biol.,
January 1, 2006;
209(1):
171 - 187.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. McVea, J. M. Donelan, A. Tachibana, and K. G. Pearson
A Role for Hip Position in Initiating the Swing-to-Stance Transition in Walking Cats
J Neurophysiol,
November 1, 2005;
94(5):
3497 - 3508.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-P. Cote and J.-P. Gossard
Step Training-Dependent Plasticity in Spinal Cutaneous Pathways
J. Neurosci.,
December 15, 2004;
24(50):
11317 - 11327.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Blitz, M. P. Beenhakker, and M. P. Nusbaum
Different Sensory Systems Share Projection Neurons But Elicit Distinct Motor Patterns
J. Neurosci.,
December 15, 2004;
24(50):
11381 - 11390.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Harris-Love, R. F. Macko, J. Whitall, and L. W. Forrester
Improved Hemiparetic Muscle Activation in Treadmill versus Overground Walking
Neurorehabil Neural Repair,
September 1, 2004;
18(3):
154 - 160.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Davidson and J. A. Buford
Motor Outputs From the Primate Reticular Formation to Shoulder Muscles as Revealed by Stimulus-Triggered Averaging
J Neurophysiol,
July 1, 2004;
92(1):
83 - 95.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Nielsen
Sensorimotor integration at spinal level as a basis for muscle coordination during voluntary movement in humans
J Appl Physiol,
May 1, 2004;
96(5):
1961 - 1967.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kido, N. Tanaka, and R. B. Stein
Spinal reciprocal inhibition in human locomotion
J Appl Physiol,
May 1, 2004;
96(5):
1969 - 1977.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. P. Ivanenko, R. E. Poppele, and F. Lacquaniti
Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion
J. Physiol.,
April 1, 2004;
556(1):
267 - 282.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Beenhakker, D. M. Blitz, and M. P. Nusbaum
Long-Lasting Activation of Rhythmic Neuronal Activity by a Novel Mechanosensory System in the Crustacean Stomatogastric Nervous System
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 2004;
91(1):
78 - 91.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Nielsen
How we Walk: Central Control of Muscle Activity during Human Walking
Neuroscientist,
June 1, 2003;
9(3):
195 - 204.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Perez, E. C. Field-Fote, and M. K. Floeter
Patterned Sensory Stimulation Induces Plasticity in Reciprocal Ia Inhibition in Humans
J. Neurosci.,
March 15, 2003;
23(6):
2014 - 2018.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. P. Verschueren, S. P. Swinnen, K. Desloovere, and J. Duysens
Vibration-Induced Changes in EMG During Human Locomotion
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 2003;
89(3):
1299 - 1307.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Pyndt and J. B. Nielsen
Modulation of Transmission in the Corticospinal and Group Ia Afferent Pathways to Soleus Motoneurons During Bicycling
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 2003;
89(1):
304 - 314.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. K. Timoszyk, R. D. de Leon, N. London, R. R. Roy, V. R. Edgerton, and D. J. Reinkensmeyer
The Rat Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Adapts to Robotic Loading Applied During Stance
J Neurophysiol,
December 1, 2002;
88(6):
3108 - 3117.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Field-Fote and D. Tepavac
Improved Intralimb Coordination in People With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury Following Training With Body Weight Support and Electrical Stimulation
Physical Therapy,
July 1, 2002;
82(7):
707 - 715.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. P. Ivanenko, R. Grasso, V. Macellari, and F. Lacquaniti
Control of Foot Trajectory in Human Locomotion: Role of Ground Contact Forces in Simulated Reduced Gravity
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 2002;
87(6):
3070 - 3089.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. P. Ivanenko, R. Grasso, and F. Lacquaniti
Influence of Leg Muscle Vibration on Human Walking
J Neurophysiol,
October 1, 2000;
84(4):
1737 - 1747.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Dickinson, C. T. Farley, R. J. Full, M. A. Koehl, R. Kram, and S. Lehman
How Animals Move: An Integrative View
Science,
April 7, 2000;
288(5463):
100 - 106.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. H. Dobkin
An Overview of Treadmill Locomotor Training with Partial Body Weight Support: A Neurophysiologically Sound Approach Whose Time Has Come for Randomized Clinical Trials
Neurorehabil Neural Repair,
September 1, 1999;
13(3):
157 - 165.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
