 | ADVANCING FROM THE VENTRAL STRIATUM TO THE EXTENDED AMYGDALA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROPSYCHIATRY AND DRUG ABUSE
Copyright © 1999 by the New York Academy of Sciences
description
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 877:157-175 (1999)
© 1999 New York Academy of Sciences
Modulation of Cell Firing in the Nucleus Accumbens
PATRICIO O'DONNELLa,c,
JENNIFER GREENEa,
NINA PABELLOa,
BARBARA L. LEWISa AND
ANTHONY A. GRACEb
aDepartments of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Neurology, Albany Medical College
bDepartments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh
cAddress correspondence to Patricio O'Donnell, M.D., Ph.D., Albany Medical College (MC-136), Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA. Voice: 518-262-5904; fax: 518-262-5799; patricio.o'donnell{at}ccgateway.amc.edu
Pennartz et al. 48 have proposed that functions of the nucleus accumbens (NA) are subserved by the activity of ensembles of neurons rather than by an overall neuronal activation. Indeed, the NA is a site of convergence for a large number of inputs from limbic structures that may modulate the flow of prefrontal cortical information and contribute to defining such ensembles, as exemplified in the ability of hippocampal input to gate cortical throughput in the nucleus accumbens. NA neurons exhibit a bistable membrane potential, characterized by a very negative resting membrane potential (down state), periodically interrupted by plateau depolarizations (up state), during which the cells may fire in response to cortical inputs. A dynamic ensemble can be the result of a distributed set of neurons in their up state, determined by the moment-to-moment changes in the spatial distribution of hippocampal inputs responsible for transitions to the up state. Ensembles may change as an adaptation to the contextual information provided by the hippocampal input. Furthermore, for dynamic ensembles to be functionally relevant, the model calls for near synchronous transitions to the up state in a group of neurons. This can be accomplished by the cell-to-cell transfer of information via gap junctions, a mechanism that can allow for a transfer of slow electrical signals, including "up" events between coupled cells. Furthermore, gap junction permeability is tightly modulated by a number of factors, including levels of dopamine and nitric oxide, and cortical inputs, allowing for fine-tuning of this synchronization of up events. The continuous selection of such dynamic ensembles in the NA may be disputed in schizophrenia, resulting in an inappropriate level of activity of thalamocortical systems.
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