 | ADULT ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER: BRAIN MECHANISMS AND LIFE OUTCOMES
Copyright © 2001 by the New York Academy of Sciences
description
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 931:216-238 (2001)
© 2001 New York Academy of Sciences
Comorbidity in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
DAVID J. MARKSa,
JEFFREY H. NEWCORNb AND
JEFFREY M. HALPERINa-c
aNeuropsychology Doctoral Program, Department of Psychology, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, USA
bDepartment of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
cDepartment of Psychology, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
Address for correspondence: Jeffrey M. Halperin., Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Queens College of CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA. Voice: 718-997-3254; fax: 718-997-3257.
Jeffrey_Halperin{at}qc.edu
This paper describes the clinical manifestations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood, with particular emphasis placed on issues relating to comorbidity. Prospective and retrospective studies are reviewed to evaluate the degree to which adults with ADHD exhibit clinical features that mirror their childhood counterparts with analogous comorbid psychiatric (e.g., antisocial, mood, and anxiety) and/or cognitive (i.e., learning) disorders. We also address the question of whether comorbid disorders in adults represent independent diagnostic entities and whether the presence of psychiatric comorbidity varies as a function of ADHD subtype (i.e., inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, combined, and residual). As is the case for ADHD in childhood, comorbidity is not uncommon among adults with ADHD. However, the reported prevalence of comorbid conditions among adults with ADHD varies considerably depending upon whether the research used a prospective or retrospective design.
Key Words: ADHD • Comorbidity • Adults • Prospective studies • Retrospective studies
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