 | ADULT ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER: BRAIN MECHANISMS AND LIFE OUTCOMES
Copyright © 2001 by the New York Academy of Sciences
description
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 931:97-112 (2001)
© 2001 New York Academy of Sciences
Medical Mimics
Medical and Neurological Conditions Simulating ADHD
PHILLIP L. PEARLa,
ROY E. WEISSb AND
MARK A. STEINc
aDepartment of Pediatrics and Neurology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
bDepartment of Medicine, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
cDepartment of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, George Washington University School of Medicine and Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
Address for correspondence: Mark A. Stein, Ph.D., Chief of Psychology, Department of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C.
mstein{at}cnmc.org
The medical and neurological conditions that simulate ADHD are reviewed, as well as those disorders frequently presenting as comorbidities with ADHD. The localization of ADHD has invoked multiple areas, including frontal lobes, nondominant parietal lobe, and basal ganglia, and the neural network theory of cortical-subcortical-cortical loops has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ADHD. The medical evaluation of patients presenting with ADHD should be comprehensive, with an emphasis on demonstrating chronic and permeating symptoms since early childhood without a better medical explanation. Associated thyroid disorders are reviewed, including the syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone. Suggested laboratory studies are provided, depending on the clinical circumstances.
Key Words: ADHD • Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder • Neural networks • Medical mimics • Resistance to thyroid hormone
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