 | NEUROBIOLOGY OF EYE MOVEMENTS: FROM MOLECULES TO BEHAVIOR
Copyright © 2002 by the New York Academy of Sciences
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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 956:7-16 (2002)
© 2002 New York Academy of Sciences
Extraocular Muscle: Cellular Adaptations for a Diverse Functional Repertoire
JOHN D. PORTER
Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University and The Research Institute of University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-5068, USA
Address for correspondence: John D. Porter, Ph.D., Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Cleveland and Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-5068. Voice: 216-844-7053; fax: 216-844-4792.
jdp7{at}po.cwru.edu
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 956: 7-16 (2002).
Oculomotor control systems are considerably more complex and diverse than are spinal skeletomotor systems. Moreover, individual skeletal muscles are frequently functional role-specific, while all extraocular muscles operate across a very wide dynamic range. We contend that the novel phenotype of the extraocular muscles is a direct consequence of the functional demands imposed upon this muscle group by the central eye movement controllers. This review highlights five basic themes of extraocular muscle biology that set them apart from more typical skeletal muscles, specifically, the (a) novel innervation pattern, (b) heterogeneity in contractile proteins, (c) structural and functional compartmentalization of the rectus and oblique muscles, (d) diversity of extraocular muscle fiber types, and (e) relationship between the novel muscle phenotype and the differential response of these muscles in neuromuscular and endocrine disease. Finally, new data from broad genome-wide profiling studies are reviewed, with global gene expression patterns lending substantial support to the notion that the extraocular muscles are fundamentally different from traditional skeletal muscle. This novel eye muscle phenotype represents an adaptation that exploits the full range of variability in skeletal muscle to meet the needs of visuomotor systems.
Key Words: extraocular muscle • muscle phenotype • muscle development • neuromuscular • gene profiling • microarray • SAGE • review
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